Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project The Abraham Lincoln 
Historical Digitization Project, or Lincoln/Net, presents biographical 
information on U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865). The project 
emphasizes Lincoln's Illinois years, from 1815-1861, and includes speeches 
and writings. The project also provides a database of primary source materials related to antebellum life in Illinois, featuring letters, diaries, political pamphlets, songbooks, and more. http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/

PBS, "Africans in America: America's Journey through Slavery"
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/home.html

America's journey through slavery is presented in four parts, each with a historical narrative, a resource bank and a teacher's guide. This site is meant to accompany the 4-part PBS television series, Africans in America, which is available for viewing through the SWITCH library system.

PBS, "Wonders of the African World"
http://www.pbs.org/wonders/

Africa is a continent of magnificent treasures and cultures -- from the breathtaking stone architecture of 1,000-year-old ruins in South Africa to an advanced 16th century international university in Timbuktu. However, for centuries, many of these African wonders have been hidden from the world, lost to the ravages of time, nature and repressive governments. Join Henry Louis Gates, Jr. as he takes you on a journey to discover a wealth of African history and culture in Wonders of the African World.

PBS, "Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind"
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/

He was both a visionary and a manipulator, a brilliant orator and a pompous autocrat. In just ten years following his emigration to the United States as a laborer in 1917, Marcus Garvey rose to lead the largest black organization in history, was taken to prison in handcuffs, and was eventually deported. Marcus Garvey is the dramatic story of the rise and fall of an African American leader who influenced politics and culture around the world.

PBS, "Jazz"
http://www.pbs.org/jazz/index.htm

Jazz has been called the purest expression of American democracy; a music built on individualism and compromise, independence and cooperation. Join PBS for an exploration of jazz, America's greatest cultural achievement. This site is meant to accompany the 10-episode  PBS television series, Jazz, which is available for viewing through the SWITCH library system.

PBS, "Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey"
http://www.pbs.org/ralphbunche/

Few remember the name, much less the historic achievements, of Doctor Ralph Johnson Bunche (1903-1971). Yet, this African-American mediator and United Nations diplomat was the first person of color anywhere in the world to be awarded the Noble Prize for Peace.

PBS, "African-American World"
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/

Your guide to African American history and culture. From Sojourner Truth to Jacob Lawrence discover the courage and talent that shaped the African American experience.

PBS, "Jubilee Singers: Sacrifice and Glory"
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/singers/

In the chaotic decade following the Civil War, a group of young ex-slaves in Nashville, Tennessee, set out on a mission to save their financially troubled school by giving concerts. Traveling first through cities in the North, then on to venues across Europe, the Jubilee Singers introduced audiences to the power of spirituals, the religious anthems of slavery. Driven to physical collapse and even death, the singers proved more successful -- and more inspirational -- than anyone could have imagined. A portrait of faith, music, and sacrifice.

PBS, "Scottsboro: An American Tragedy"
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/scottsboro/

In 1931, two white women stepped from a box car in Paint Rock, Alabama to make a shocking accusation: they had been raped by nine black teenagers on the train. So began one of the most significant legal fights of the twentieth century. The trial of the nine falsely accused teens would draw North and South into their sharpest conflict since the Civil War, yield two momentous Supreme Court decisions and give birth to the Civil Rights Movement. In addition to its historical significance, the Scottsboro story is a riveting drama about the struggles of nine innocent young men for their lives and a cautionary tale about using human beings as fodder for political causes.

PBS, "Duke Ellington's Washington"
http://www.pbs.org/ellingtonsdc/

The strong African-American community that flourished in Washington before the Harlem Renaissance, nurturing a stream of shining talents---Duke Ellington, Thurgood Marshall, Ralph Bunche, Ed Brooke, Paul Laurence Dunbar---and now building a renaissance on their proud past.

PBS, "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow"
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/

A landmark four-part series, "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow", explores segregation from the end of the civil war to the dawn of the modern civil rights movement. Lynchings and beatings by night. Demeaning treatment by day. And a life of crushing subordination for Southern blacks that was maintained by white supremacist laws and customs known as "Jim Crow." It was a brutal and oppressive era in American history, but during this time, large numbers of African Americans and a corps of influential black leaders bravely fought against the status quo, amazingly acquiring for African Americans the opportunities of education, business, land ownership, and a true spirit of community.

PBS, "The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords"
http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/

"The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords" is an engaging historical account that tells the story of the pioneering men and women of the Black press who gave voice to Black America. This site is meant to accompany the PBS television series, The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords, which is available for viewing through the SWITCH library system.

Library of Congress, "Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938 contains more than 2,300 first-person accounts of slavery and 500 black-and-white photographs of former slaves. These narratives were collected in the 1930s as part of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and assembled and microfilmed in 1941 as the seventeen-volume Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves. This online collection is a joint presentation of the Manuscript and Prints and Photographs Divisions of the Library of Congress and includes more than 200 photographs from the Prints and Photographs Division that are now made available to the public for the first time.

Library of Congress, "The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aointro.html

The exhibition The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship, showcases the incomparable African American collections of the Library of Congress. Displaying more than 240 items, including books, government documents, manuscripts, maps, musical scores, plays, films, and recordings, this is the largest black history exhibit ever held at the Library, and the first exhibition of any kind to feature presentations in all three of the Library's buildings. The major presentation in the Jefferson Building, The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship, explores black America's quest for equality from the early national period through the twentieth century. The Library's materials, gathered over the two hundred years of its existence, tell the story of the African American experience through nine chronological periods that document the courage and determination of blacks, faced with adverse circumstances, who overcame immense odds to fully participate in all aspects of American society. The exhibit includes the work of abolitionists in the first half of the nineteenth century, depictions of the long journey following the Civil War towards equality in employment, education and politics, strategies used to secure the vote, recognition of outstanding black leaders, and the contributions of sports figures, black soldiers, artists, actors, writers and others in the fight against segregation and discrimination.

Library of Congress, "The Frederick Douglass Papers"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/doughome.html

The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress presents the papers of the nineteenth-century African-American abolitionist who escaped from slavery and then risked his own freedom by becoming an outspoken antislavery lecturer, writer, and publisher. The papers span the years 1841 to 1964, with the bulk of the material from 1862 to 1895. The Speech, Article, and Book File series contains the writings of Douglass and his contemporaries in the abolitionist and early women's rights movements. The Subject File series reveals Douglass's interest in diverse subjects such as politics, emancipation, racial prejudice, women's suffrage, and prison reform. Scrapbooks document Douglass's role as minister to Haiti and the controversy surrounding his interracial second marriage.

Library of Congress, "Jackie Robinson and Other Baseball Highlights, 1860s-1960s"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/jrhtml/jrhome.html

When Jackie Robinson took the field as a Brooklyn Dodger in 1947, he became the first African American to play major league baseball in the twentieth century. Materials that tell his story, and the history of baseball in general, are located throughout the Library of Congress. The first online special presentation of these materials highlights Baseball, the Color Line, and Jackie Robinson, 1860s-1960s. The timeline draws on approximately thirty items--manuscripts, books, photographs, and ephemera--from many parts of the Library. The first three sections of the presentation describe the color line that segregated baseball for many years, the Negro Leagues, and Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson--two men who played key roles in integrating the sport. The last two sections of the presentation explore Robinson's career as a Dodger and his civil rights activities. The second presentation called "Early Baseball Pictures, 1860s-1920s" features 34 intriguing photographs and prints arranged in the following categories: Baseball Beginnings, Game Day in the Majors, Players, Non-Major League Baseball, Major League Teams and Games.

Library of Congress, "From Slavery to Freedom: The African-American Pamphlet Collection, 1824-1909"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aapchtml/aapchome.html

This collection from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division presents 397 pamphlets, published from 1824 through 1909, by African-American authors and others who wrote about slavery, African colonization, Emancipation, Reconstruction, and related topics. The materials range from personal accounts and public orations to organizational reports and legislative speeches. Among the authors represented are Frederick Douglass, Kelly Miller, Charles Sumner, Mary Church Terrell, and Booker T. Washington.

Library of Congress, "Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/sthtml/sthome.html

Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860 contains just over a hundred pamphlets and books (published between 1772 and 1889) concerning the difficult and troubling experiences of African and African-American slaves in the American colonies and the United States. The documents, most from the Law Library and the Rare Book and Special Collections Division of the Library of Congress, comprise an assortment of trials and cases, reports, arguments, accounts, examinations of cases and decisions, proceedings, journals, a letter, and other works of historical importance. Of the cases presented here, most took place in America and a few in Great Britain. Among the voices heard are those of some of the defendants and plaintiffs themselves as well as those of abolitionists, presidents, politicians, slave owners, fugitive and free territory slaves, lawyers and judges, and justices of the U.S. Supreme Court. Significant names include John Quincy Adams, Roger B. Taney, John C. Calhoun, Salmon P. Chase, Dred Scott, William H. Seward, Prudence Crandall, Theodore Parker, Jonathan Walker, Daniel Drayton, Castner Hanway, Francis Scott Key, William L. Garrison, Wendell Phillips, Denmark Vesey, and John Brown.

Library of Congress, "African American Sheet Music, 1850-1920 (from Brown University)"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/rpbhtml/aasmhome.html

This collection consists of 1,305 pieces of African-American sheet music dating from 1850 through 1920. The collection includes many songs from the heyday of antebellum black face minstrelsy in the 1850s and from the abolitionist movement of the same period. Numerous titles are associated with the novel and the play Uncle Tom's Cabin. Civil War period music includes songs about African-American soldiers and the plight of the newly emancipated slave. Post-Civil War music reflects the problems of Reconstruction and the beginnings of urbanization and the northern migration of African Americans. African-American popular composers include James Bland, Ernest Hogan, Bob Cole, James Reese Europe, and Will Marion Cook. Twentieth century titles feature many photographs of African-American musical performers, often in costume. Unlike many other sorts of published works, sheet music can be produced rapidly in response to an event or public interest, and thus is a source of relatively unmediated and unrevised perspectives on quickly changing events and public attitudes. Particularly significant in this collection are the visual depictions of African Americans which provide much information about racial attitudes over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Library of Congress, "The Church in the Southern Black Community, 1780-1925"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award99/ncuhtml/csbchome.html

This compilation of printed texts from the libraries at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill traces how Southern African Americans experienced and transformed Protestant Christianity into the central institution of community life. Coverage begins with white churches' conversion efforts, especially in the post-Revolutionary period, and depicts the tensions and contradictions between the egalitarian potential of evangelical Christianity and the realities of slavery. It focuses, through slave narratives and observations by other African American authors, on how the black community adapted evangelical Christianity, making it a metaphor for freedom, community, and personal survival.

Library of Congress, "Photographs from the Golden Age of Jazz"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wghtml/wghome.html

The William P. Gottlieb Collection, comprising over sixteen hundred photographs of celebrated jazz artists, documents the jazz scene from 1938 to 1948, primarily in New York City and Washington, D.C. In 1938 Gottlieb began working for the Washington Post, where he wrote and illustrated a weekly jazz column--perhaps the first in a major newspaper. After World War II he was employed as a writer-photographer for Down Beat magazine, and his work also appeared frequently in Record Changer, the Saturday Review, and Collier's. During the course of his career, Gottlieb took portraits of prominent jazz musicians and personalities, including Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Billie Holiday, Dizzy Gillespie, Earl Hines, Thelonious Monk, Stan Kenton, Ray McKinley, Benny Goodman, Coleman Hawkins, Ella Fitzgerald, and Benny Carter. This online collection presents Gottlieb's photographs, annotated contact prints, selected published prints, and related articles from Down Beat magazine.

Library of Congress, "Voices from the Days of Slavery: Former Slaves Tell Their Stories"
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/vfshtml/vfshome.html

Voices from the Days of Slavery: Former Slaves Tell Their Stories provides the opportunity to listen to former slaves describe their lives. These interviews, conducted between 1932 and 1975, capture the recollections of twenty-three identifiable people born between 1823 and the early 1860s and known to have been former slaves. Several of the people interviewed were centenarians, the oldest being 130 at the time of the interview. The almost seven hours of recordings were made in nine Southern states and provide an important glimpse of what life was like for slaves and freedmen. The former slaves discuss how they felt about slavery, slaveholders, how slaves were coerced, their families, and, of course, freedom. It is important to keep in mind, however, that all of those interviewed spoke sixty or more years after the end of their enslavement, and it is their full lives, rather than their lives during slavery, that are reflected in their words. They have much to say about living as African Americans from the 1870s to the 1930s, and beyond. As part of their testimony, several of the ex-slaves sing songs, many of which were learned during the time of their enslavement.

This presentation complements other American Memory presentations, most notably Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, which contains written versions of more than 2,300 interviews with ex-slaves. However, unlike the written interviews, which sometimes represented collectors' interpretations rather than verbatim transcripts, these recordings present the actual interview and thereby provide the unique experience of hearing the ex-slaves' voices with their own inflections and various regional dialects.

National Archives Record Administration, "John H. White: Portrait of Black Chicago"

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/portrait_of_black_chicago/introduction.html

From June through October 1973 and briefly during the spring of 1974, John H. White, a 28-year-old photographer with the Chicago Daily News, worked for the federal government photographing Chicago, especially the city`s African American community. White took his photographs for the Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA) DOCUMERICA project. As White reflected recently, he saw his assignment as "an opportunity to capture a slice of life, to capture history." His photographs portray the difficult circumstances faced by many of Chicago`s African American residents in the early 1970s, but they also catch the "spirit, love, zeal, pride, and hopes of the community." Today, John White is a staff photographer with the Chicago Sun-Times. He has won hundreds of awards, and his work has been exhibited and published widely. In 1982 he received the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography.

National Archives Record Administration, "Frontiers in Civil Rights:
Dorothy E. Davis, et al. versus County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia"

http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/davis-case/activities.html

Arguments presented and decisions rendered in court cases often illuminate, open, and sometimes close frontiers in social history. For example, the arguments presented in school desegregation cases of the early 1950s illustrate how the "separate but equal" doctrine presented in the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 virtually closed the civil rights frontier for nearly 60 years. Conversely, the decisions rendered in the desegregation cases opened up that frontier and encouraged the expansion of the civil rights movement in the latter half of the twentieth century.

National Archives Record Administration, "Teaching With Documents Lesson Plan: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"

http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-rights-act/

In the 1960s, Americans who knew only the potential of "equal protection of the laws" expected the president, the Congress, and the courts to fulfill the promise of the 14th Amendment. In response, all three branches of the federal government--as well as the public at large--debated a fundamental constitutional question: Does the Constitution's prohibition of denying equal protection always ban the use of racial, ethnic, or gender criteria in an attempt to bring social justice and social benefits?

Abolitionism in America
http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/abolitionism/

Inspired by conscience and guided by principle, abolitionists took a moral stand against slavery that produced one of America?s greatest victories for democracy. Through decades of strife, and often at the risk of their lives, anti-slavery activists remained steadfast in the face of powerful opposition. Their efforts would ultimately force the issue of slavery to the forefront of national politics, and fuel the split between North and South that would lead the country into civil war. On display from June 5 through September 27, 2003, ?Abolitionism in America? documents our country?s intellectual, moral, and political struggle to achieve freedom for all Americans. Featuring rare books, manuscripts, letters, photographs, and other materials from Cornell?s pre-eminent anti-slavery and Civil War collections, the exhibition explores the complex history of slavery, resistance, and abolition from the 1700s through 1865. The exhibition offers a rare opportunity to view some of Cornell Library?s greatest treasures, including a manuscript copy of the Gettysburg Address written by Abraham Lincoln, a manuscript copy of the Emancipation Proclamation, and a copy of the 13th Amendment signed by Lincoln and members of Congress.

"With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/

"On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, declaring that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.' This decision was pivotal to the struggle for racial desegregation in the United States. This exhibition commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of this landmark judicial case." And, at this exceptional site from the Library of Congress, visitors are taken on a tour of the several court cases that led up to the Brown case, the arguments and the public response to the case, and also the effect that the case had on the history of the country. This exceptionally detailed website also leads visitors to other resources for teachers and the general visitor who may want to read more about the topic. 

The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization This site presents an introduction to ancient Greek history, culture, politics, art, and warfare. There is a detailed timeline covering 1400 B.C. to 337 B.C. The Greeks Interactive contains an interactive map, information about life in Athens, and ancient Greek language lessons. The Acropolis Experience contains a 3-D animation of the Parthenon, and a film clip of the construction of the Parthenon. Site has both an HTML and a Flash 4 enhanced version. Some sections also require QuickTime. Use the site index for easier navigation. Educational resources are also included. http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/ 

Armamentarium: The Beginners' Guide to Roman Military Equipment Subtitled The Beginners' Guide to Roman Military Equipment, this site is a very authoritative and easy to use introduction to Roman arms and armor; providing the user with both textual material and illustrations that describe the armour of Imperial Rome. The head to toe guide describes the dress and equipment of Roman soldiers and the FAQ provides detailed answers to common questions about Roman military dress and weapons. http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/archive/arma/welc/begin.htm 

De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors Find biographical information on the rulers of ancient Rome. Included is a catalog with images of Roman coins that were issued with visages of the rulers and family members. There are also maps, including one for the city of Rome, topographical maps of selected portions of the ancient world, and of Europe dating from 1 A.D. through 1300 A.D. There is a battle index with a brief description and related maps. Stemmata (family trees) for many of the rulers are accessible through the Imperial Index.   http://www.roman-emperors.org/

LacusCurtius: Into the Roman World Currently over 1400 pages, one of the main Roman resources on the Web and includes a lot of more direct information: some major Latin texts, several entire books on Roman subjects, hundreds of photographs, dozens of maps and inscriptions, etc. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/home.html

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Presents information 
about the Articles of Confederation, the forerunner of the U.S. Constitution. 
Notes that the articles were drafted by the Continental Congress in 1777, 
and that they reflected the states' wariness about a strong central government. Explains that under the Articles the states retained their sovereignty and the Congress was responsible for conducting foreign affairs, declaring war or peace, and maintaining an army and navy. Offers access to the full-text of the document. 
http://earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/articles/index.html

The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record Funded by the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities (with technical assistance from the Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library) this rather engaging collection of several hundred photographs offers ample visual documentation of the Atlantic Slave Trade and the daily lives of slaves in the Americas over a period of several centuries. The materials presented here were selected by Jerome S. Handler, a senior fellow at the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, and ably assisted by Michael L. Tuite, Jr., the head of the Digital Media Lab. The collection itself "is envisioned as a tool and a resource that can be used by teachers, researchers, students, and the general public." Visitors to the site may search the entire archive by keyword, or by category. Some of the categories include Marketing & Urban Scenes, Religion & Mortuary Practices, and Family Life, Child Care, Schools. Each image is accompanied by a brief description and, when available, information about each item's provenance. http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/

Professional Cartoonists' Index This site offers the largest collection of 
newspaper editorial cartoons on the Web. Current cartoons from seventy-one newspaper editorial cartoonists are included. This is also a rich network of resources for students and teachers, including lesson plans for using the editorial cartoon as a teaching tool. http://www.cagle.com/teacher 

Challenger Disaster: 10 Years Later Discusses the American space 
shuttle Challenger and the disaster on January 28, 1986, in which all on 
board the Challenger perished, provided by Life Magazine. Highlights 
astronaut Christa McAuliffe, who was killed in the disaster, with photographs 
and articles. Provides a collection of 55 covers from Life Magazine 
featuring space. http://www.lifemag.com/Life/space/challenger.html

Arlington National Cemetery: The Shuttle Challenger Memorial  
Describes the memorial at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, for the seven crew members of the Challenger Space Shuttle, which exploded on January 28, 1986. Includes a photograph of the memorial, news items, the speech by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, and related information. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/challengr.htm

The Challenger Accident Presents  a collection of resources on the 
destruction of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 
space shuttle Challenger and the death of its seven crew members on 
January 28, 1986. Features magazine articles commemorating the loss of 
the Challenger, movie files, news releases, reference manual material, 
digital image collections, commission reports, and other resources. Offers 
access to the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) home page. http://www.fas.org/spp/51L.html 

Lindbergh: Enhanced Transcript (Part One) Features the broadcast 
program transcript with additional information from the documentary film 
"Lindbergh," a part of the "American Experience" series of the Public 
Broadcasting Service (PBS). Highlights the life of American aviator Charles 
Augustus Lindbergh (1902-1974). 
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lindbergh/filmmore/transcript/ 

Bruno Hauptmann: Lindbergh Kidnapping Trial Features information 
about the 1935 trial of Bruno Hauptmann (1899-1936), who was convicted 
of kidnapping and murdering the 20 month old son of American aviator Charles Augustus Lindbergh (1902-1974) in 1932. Offers access to photographs, the text of the ransom notes, newspaper headlines and stories, and notes the incriminating evidence. 
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Hauptmann/Hauptmann.htm 

Lindbergh, Charles Augustus Profiles American aviator Charles Augustus 
Lindbergh (1902-1974), enshrined in the National Aviation Hall of Fame (NAHF) in 1967. Includes biographical information and career highlights. http://www.nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/lindberghch.html 

Montgomery Bus Boycott Presents information about the Montgomery Bus 
Boycott of 1956, which was a protest by the African-American citizens of 
Montgomery, Alabama, against the city's segregation laws. Notes that the 
information is provided by students at Stoughton High School in Stoughton, Massachusetts. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/3515/montg.html

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott Presents information about the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1956, and the role that Civil rights activist Rosa Parks (b. 1913) played in the initiation of the protest, compiled by Studio Melizo. Describes the boycott, which was a protest by the 
African-American citizens of Montgomery, Alabama, against the city's 
segregation laws. http://www.holidays.net/mlk/rosa.htm

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1956) Presents information about the 
Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1956, which was a protest by the African-American citizens of Montgomery, Alabama, against the city's segregation laws. Describes the events leading to and the ramifications of the bus boycott. http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/USA/MontBus.html 

Manifesto of the Communist Party Presents the text of the "Manifesto of 
the Communist Party," written by German political philosopher Karl Heinrich 
Marx (1818-1883) and German Socialist Friedrich Engels (1820-1895).The 
document was an attempt by Marx to define his type of socialism. The site 
is part of the Avalon Project of the Yale University Law School in New Haven, Connecticut. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mancont.htm 

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave The 
Berkeley Digital Library SunSITE presents the full-text of "Narrative of the 
Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave." The autobiography was 
written by African-American abolitionist and writer Frederick Douglass (1818-1895). http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Literature/Douglass/Autobiography/

Reconstruction Presents "Reconstruction," an article written by 
African-American abolitionist and writer Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) 
that originally appeared in the December 1866 issue of "The Atlantic Monthly," and is provided online by the Atlantic Monthly Co. Discusses the era of Reconstruction following the American Civil War. http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/black/douglas.htm

American Literature Research and Analysis Web Site: 
Frederick Douglass: The Heroic Slave Presents a research and analysis 
resource regarding the 1852 novella "The Heroic Slave," written by 
African-American author Frederick Douglass (1817-1895).
http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/douglass.htm

Settlement of Jamestown by Captain John Smith (1607) Presents a 
firsthand account of the settlement of the British colony of Jamestown, 
written in 1607 by English colonist John Smith (c.1580-1631). The account 
is provided online by the National Center for Public Policy Research 
in Washington, D.C.
http://www.nationalcenter.org/SettlementofJamestown.html

Timeline of Events and References Leading up to and Through 
the Founding of Jamestown Offers a timeline of events leading up to and 
through the founding of Jamestown, Virginia, provided by the Association for 
the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. Highlights events such as John White with 150 men, women, and children landing on Hatorask, the establishment of the fort, and the capture of American Indian princess Pocahontas (c.1595-1617).http://www.apva.org/history/timeline.html

Jamestown Virtual Colony Presents a collection of resources for teaching 
about Jamestown, Virginia, the settlement of the first colony in North America. Includes teaching resources on corporate colonization, the development of government, economic matters, the organization of society, and broader themes of Jamestown. Includes unit objectives, lesson plans, and a bibliography of related materials. Provides access to other resources on Jamestown, Virginia. http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/curry/dept/cise/soc/resources/jvc/

Documents and Photographs Related to Japanese Relocation During 
World War II Presents a lesson plan that highlights the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II (1939-1945). Notes that the lesson 
plan relates to the First, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and is part of the Constitution Community, a partnership between classroom teachers and educational specialists at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). http://www.nara.gov/education/cc/relocate.html

Peace, Prosperity and Pain: Poignant Memories Presents the full text of an article entitled "Relocation to Internment Camp Was a Nightmare for Japanese-American Couple," by Stefanie Asin. Discusses the experience of one  Japanese American couple during the internment of Japanese Americans. http://www1.chron.com/content/interactive/special/vj/memories.html

Further and Further Away: The Relocation of San Diego's Nikkei 
Community, 1942 Presents "Further and Further Away: The Relocation 
of San Diego's Nikkei Community, 1942," an article from the Winter/Spring 
1993 issue of "The Journal of San Diego History." Discusses the internment 
of Japanese Americans. 
http://edweb.sdsu.edu/sdhs/journal/spring93/chapter1.htm

Malcolm X: A Research Site Presents information about American 
religious leader Malcolm X (1925-1965), originally known as Malcolm Little, 
compiled by the Africana Studies Program of the University of Toledo in Ohio. Contains a bibliography, a chronology, a family history, quotations, 
and a study guide. http://www.brothermalcolm.net/mxcontent.html

Autobiography of Malcolm X Presents an essay by Marcel Schilling on 
"The Autobiography of Malcolm X," which details the life of assassinated 
African-American religious leader Malcolm X (1925-1965), 
originally Malcolm Little. http://www.datacomm.ch/mschilling/malcolm.html

Beyond Fad and Fashion Understanding the Essence of Malcolm X  
The "Black Collegian Magazine," published by iMinorities, Inc., presents 
the full text of an article entitled "Beyond Fad and Fashion Understanding 
the Essence of Malcolm X," by Ron Daniels. Daniels discusses the life and 
philosophy of African-American civil rights and religious leader Malcolm X 
(1925-1965). Malcolm X, who worked for social reforms, became a member 
of the Nation of Islam and took the Muslim name el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz after a pilgrimage to Mecca. He broke away from the Black Muslims to form his own group, and was assassinated at a rally of his followers. http://www.black-collegian.com/african/beyond.shtml

Center for Jewish History Detailed information about this "central repository for the cultural and historical legacy of the Jewish people," a project of five respected research facilities. The Web site has online catalogs of their libraries and archives, and descriptions (including some images) of the center's exhibits and family history resources. The Center, in New York City, has materials on Ashkenazic or Sephardic resources, Yiddish lanuage, Jewish art, and genealogy.  http://www.cjh.org/indexgross.cfm

The Jewish History Resource Center The Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History offers a site with over 6,000 staff evaluated links in 30 categories. Users may search by time periods, topics, resources (maps, documents, etc.), or organizations. Tools include indexes in English, Spanish, and Hebrew.  http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/dinur/

WebNexus Selective, annotated guide to Web sites of interest to students and scholars of early Judaism and Christianity. Breaks subjects down into general Christian and Jewish links, religious studies, classical studies, library resources, publishers and booksellers, software for theology, Greek and Hebrew fonts, desk references, search engines, directories, and world news. http://www.ntworld.org/webnexus/ 

NM's Creative Impulse: The Artist's view of World History and Western Civilization This is a good annotated and rated directory of Internet resources for the study of history. The sections include: Prehistory, Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Greece, Rome, Byzantine, Medieval, Renaissance, Exploration, Baroque, Age of Enlightenment, Revolutions, Age of Industry, and Modern. Maintained by Nancy B. Mautz, a high school history teacher. http://history.evansville.net/meso.html

The Code of Hammurabi (The Avalon Project at Yale Law School) Hammurabi, king of Babylonia from 1792-1750 B.C., created one of the earliest written collections of laws. The preamble, text, and epilogue of the Code of Hammurabi are listed at this site. Also included are commentary by a scholar and an article from the eleventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, as well as a dictionary of terms. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hammenu.htm

Correspondence of Napoleon I Features selections of the headquarters 
correspondence of French Emperor Napoleon I (1769-1821), provided by 
"The War Times Journal." Includes excerpts from the 32 volumes of dispatches and orders that were first published in 1853. 
http://www.wtj.com/archives/napoleon/

Napoleonic Wars Collection The Napoleonic Wars Collection features 
articles, links, sound clips, and information on military equipment and 
accessories from the time of French Emperor Napoleon I (1769-1821), also 
known as Napoleon Bonaparte. Replicas of accessories and equipment are 
available for purchase. The Discriminating General, located in Manotick, Ontario, provides the information online. http://www.militaryheritage.com/napoleon.htm

Public Broadcasting Service (PBS): Napoleon Napoleon I (1769-1821), 
whose full name was Napoleon Bonaparte, was the Emperor of the French 
in the early 1800s. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) presents a lesson plans and other information for students in grades 7-12 based on the miniseries "Napoleon," a part of the documentary series entitled "Empires." PBS includes the objectives, standards, materials needed, procedure, assessment suggestions, and extensions and adaptations of the lesson, as well as related Web resources http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/ 

Biographies: Geronimo--His Own Story Presents an autobiography of 
Chiricahau Apache leader Geronimo (1829-1909). His accounts cover the origin of the Apache Indians, subdivisions of the Apache tribe, Geronimo's early life and family, and tribal amusements, manners, and customs. Recounts the fighting with the Mexicans, the arrival of the white man, Geronimo's time as a prisoner of war, and his hopes for the future of his people. Contains photographs and links to other biographies of famous Americans. http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/geronimo/geronixx.htm

Americans for Repatriation of Geronimo (ARG) Features Americans for 
Repatriation of Geronimo (ARG), an organization that aims to return the 
body of Geronimo to Native American land. Notes that Geronimo was a 
Chiricahua Apache leader who died as a U.S. prisoner of war. Explains 
that the Native Americans Grave Repatriation Act (1992) requires the return 
of Native American remains to Native American land. 
http://www.angelfire.com/az/GERONIMO/

Geronimo Campaign (1886) Describes the surrender of Apache leader 
Geronimo (1829-1909) to Troop B of the Fourth U.S. Cavalry Regiment in 
1886, with information presented by the U.S. Army Intelligence Center and 
Fort Huachuca Garrison. 
http://huachuca-usaic.army.mil/GARRISON/BTROOP/indian.html

Avalon Project: The Papers of Franklin Roosevelt  The Avalon Project 
of the Yale University Law School in New Haven, Connecticut, presents the 
full text of papers of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945). 
The papers include Roosevelt's four inaugural addresses. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/roospap.htm

Legacy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR): A Roosevelt Symposium  
Presents the transcripts of the public proceedings of the symposium, The 
Legacy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), which was held in April 1997 by 
Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas. Features the schedule of the symposium with link to the text of the presentations, which highlighted 
information about U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945). 
Contains a list of the principle speakers and the sponsors and committee 
members of the symposium. http://www.ksu.edu/history/FDR/

Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum  Features the Franklin D. 
Roosevelt Library and Museum, located in Hyde Park, New York. Notes 
that the facility houses presidential artifacts and papers, as well as illustration material on Theodore Roosevelt. Includes a Library overview and chronological history, a list of collections, Roosevelt's speech on the laying of the cornerstone, a location map, and biographies of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his wife, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. Details the World War II living history weekends, the archives, education and volunteer programs, and the Museum store. Posts contact information via mailing address, telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail. Links to information on Hyde Park, the Library database, and other presidential libraries on the WWW. http://www.academic.marist.edu/fdr/fdrintro.htm 

Punic Wars Offers information on the three Punic Wars between Rome and 
Carthage, provided by E. L. Skip Knox. Discusses the origins of each of the 
wars, major battles and campaigns, and more. The first Punic War began in 
264 B.C. and the third war ended in 146 B.C. 
http://history.idbsu.edu/westciv/punicwar/

Rome: The Punic Wars Features information on the three Punic Wars 
between Rome and Carthage. Notes that the first Punic War began in 
264 B.C. Explains that the third war ended in 146 B.C. with the destruction of Carthage. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ROME/PUNICWAR.HTM 

Punic Wars Features "The Punic Wars," an article written by Ellis L. Knox, 
presented as part of the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies. 
Discusses the three wars between Rome and Carthage, referred to as 
the Punic Wars. Notes that the first Punic War began in 264 B.C. and the 
third war ended in 146 B.C. http://orb.rhodes.edu/textbooks/westciv/punic.html 

Andrew Johnson Impeachment Trial Features information about the 1868 impeachment trial of U.S. President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), provided by Douglas Linder. Provides an overview of the trial, as well as a chronology, the U.S. Senate trial record, opinions of the senators, the senate vote, biographies, photographs, and more. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/impeach/impeachmt.htm

History Place: Presidential Impeachments Offers information on the 
impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), the 17th president of the 
United States, compiled by The History Place. http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/impeachments/johnson.htm

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Key Political Issues Affecting 
the Impeachment. Highlights political issues that affected the impeachment of U.S. President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), compiled as part of HarpWeek Finding Precedent: The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Includes the coverage by "Harper's Weekly" of the 1868 impeachment. http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/02KeyPoliticalIssues/ 

American Red Cross - Virtual Museum - Pre1900: Clara Barton Presents a biography of Clara Barton (1821-1912), the founder of the American Red Cross. Includes information on the Franco-Prussian War and the First Treaty of Geneva. Links to the American Red Cross and the Virtual Museum home pages. http://www.redcross.org/hec/pre1900/cbarton.html

Clara Barton Features a biographical sketch of the founder of the American Red Cross Clara Barton (1821-1912), compiled by The Glass Ceiling (TGC) Communications. Highlights Barton's activities during the American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War, as well as her incorporation of the American Red Cross. http://www.theglassceiling.com/biographies/bio8.htm

American Red Cross Presents the American Red Cross, a humanitarian organization that provides relief to victims of disaster and helps people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies. Notes that the national headquarters is in Washington, D.C. Discusses services, blood donation, volunteer opportunities, local chapters, and events. Links to Red Cross Web sites. Provides health and safety tips. Offers access to an annual report. Contains a site search engine. Includes information about the American Red Cross History and Education Center. Recounts the history of the organization. Posts contact information via mailing address, telephone number, and e-mail. http://www.crossnet.org/ 

Biographical Dictionary  This dictionary covers more than 28,000 notable men and women who have shaped our world from ancient times to the present day. http://s9.com/biography/

3D Atlas Online 3D Atlas Online is your ultimate geographic resource! You'll find the best research links for every country, timely world news, the coolest free downloads, and our own Geographic Glossary. A companion site for the 3D Atlas 98 CD-ROM, from Creative Wonders. http://www.3datlas.com/ 

The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record  Funded by the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities (with technical assistance from the Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library) this rather engaging collection of several hundred photographs offers ample visual documentation of the Atlantic Slave Trade and the daily lives of slaves in the Americas over a period of several centuries. The materials presented here were selected by Jerome S. Handler, a senior fellow at the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, and ably assisted by Michael L. Tuite, Jr., the head of the Digital Media Lab. The collection itself "is envisioned as a tool and a resource that can be used by teachers, researchers, students, and the general public." Visitors to the site may search the entire archive by keyword, or by category. Some of the categories include Marketing & Urban Scenes, Religion & Mortuary Practices, and Family Life, Child Care, Schools. Each image is accompanied by a brief description and, when available, information about each item's provenance. http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery/

From Slavery to Freedom: Slavery in California Though it was admitted to the Union as a "free state," slavery still existed in 1850s California, and a team of researchers at California State University, Sacramento, have found clear evidence of slavery in that state, such as an 1852 ad announcing the public auction of a black man valued at $300; newspaper accounts of fugitive slaves who were arrested; and county records certifying slaves bought their freedom from their owners. The story is told in the digital archive through letters, family documents, court records, songs and photographs, many of which were found in newspaper articles. One of the researchers says, "We can glory in the diversity" of California, but "we've got some painful things to talk about. This 'From Slavery to Freedom' project is going to deal with some of those things." http://digital.lib.csus.edu/curr 

Resinking of the Battleship Maine Presents "The Resinking of the Battleship Maine," an article written by Thelma Peters that was published in "Update," the magazine of the Historical Museum of Southern Florida. Describes the efforts by the United States Government to raise the U.S.S. Maine and its resinking on March 16, 1912. The original sinking of the battleship in 1898 initiated the beginning of the Spanish American War. http://www.historical-museum.org/history/war/resink.htm

U.S.S. Maine Presents information about the U.S.S. Maine, provided by Antonio Rafael de la Cova. Explains that the U.S.S. Maine was an American warship that sank in Havana Harbor, Cuba, on February 15, 1898, which initiated the Spanish American War between the United States and Spain. Offers access to photographs, maps, drawings, articles, biographies, and letters. http://www.rose-hulman.edu/~delacova/maine.htm

USS Maine Honored at 100 Year Mark Presents "USS Maine Honored at 100 Year Mark," a February 16, 1998 article written by Richard Pyle of the Associated Press, provided online by Antonio Rafael de la Cova. Highlights observances of the 100th anniversary of the 1898 sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor, Cuba. Notes that the sinking initiated the beginning of the Spanish American War. http://www.rose-hulman.edu/~delacova/ussmaine/maine-honored.htm 

Making of America Collection (MOA) The Making of America Project  has announced a major update to its collection of late-nineteenth-century American books and journals. The University of Michigan Digital Library Initiative has added over 7,000 volumes (books and journal issues) to the MOA collection, which now holds more than 8,500 volumes totalling approximately 2.89 million pages of text. As before, this site is notable not only for its sheer size and utility, but also for its use of Optical Character Recognition technology, which presents users with a searchable scanned image of the actual pages of the nineteenth-century texts. Instructions are provided for those who prefer to view the (uncorrected) plain text versions. Both the journal and book collections may be browsed alphabetically (and chronologically in the former), searched by keyword, or searched by a number of advanced options, including boolean, proximity, frequency, and index searches. http://moa.umdl.umich.edu/

The Centennial Exhibition: Philadelphia 1876 The Free Library of Philadelphia presents this online look at one of the great nineteenth-century World's Fairs: the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, celebrating America's 100th birthday. The Website is organized into a variety of sections to help modern visitors recreate the experience of visiting the fair, but which may obscure the site's structure. The Tours section is a good starting point, featuring an interactive color panorama that's a jumping off place to major fair buildings such as the Women's Pavilion, the Horticultural Hall, or the Main Exhibition Building. Other highlights include the Centennial Schoolhouse with children's activities: a timeline, and paper model of the fair that can be printed and built. Types of historical materials presented include postcards, trade cards, wood engravings, albumen photographs, manuscripts, and children's books. In addition to the digitized historical images, the online exhibition makes heavy use of specially designed graphics, and loading these image-intensive pages may result in some long waits. For impatient types, there is a quick search box, and an advanced search for searches by subjects, captions, material types, and a link to search bibliographic records for the collection in the Free Library of Philadelphia catalog. http://libwww.library.phila.gov/CenCol/index.htm

Susan B. Anthony, Defendant Features an electronic version of "An Account of the Proceedings on the Trial of Susan B. Anthony," presented as part of the U.S. Library of Congress exhibit "American Treasures of the Library of Congress." Describes the trial of American reformer Susan Brownell Anthony (1820-1906) when she was arrested in 1872 for voting without the legal right to vote. http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr005.html

Elizabeth Cady Stanton And Susan B. Anthony Papers Project Online Features information about the Elizabeth Cady Stanton And Susan B. Anthony Papers Project of the Department of History at Rutgers. Notes that the goal of the project is to copy the papers of American woman suffrage leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and American reformer Susan Brownell Anthony (1820-1906). http://ecssba.rutgers.edu/ 

Not For Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Features information about "Not For Ourselves Alone: The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony," a documentary film about American woman suffrage leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and American reformer Susan Brownell Anthony (1820-1906). Notes that the film is by Ken Burns and Paul Barnes and is produced by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). http://www.pbs.org/stantonanthony/

After Columbus: Four-Hundred Years of Native American Portraiture

http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/explore/?collection=AfterColumbusFourhun&col_id=182 

The New York Public Library's early efforts to collect Native American portraiture were greatly aided by gifts and purchases made by Dr. Wilberforce Eames and J.P. Morgan. Morgan was a sponsor of Edward S. Curtis's massive survey of North American Native Americans and Eames was the Library's bibliographer. This particular digital collection from the Library brings together some of these early acquisitions, including George Caitlin's "North American Indian Portfolio" from 1845 and Frederic Allen Williams'

"Photographs of American Indians". In total, this digital collection includes 369 prints and drawings. Visitors can browse through each portfolio at their leisure, or they can also elect to search through the entire collection by title or keyword.