Academic Honesty 

Concordia’s Statement of Purpose states the importance of Christian virtues and ethical principles. These virtues include academic honesty.

Concordia policy emphasizes that students must document all source material. This is an extremely important rule to remember whether quoting directly or paraphrasing. Failure to give credit to the source results in plagiarism, which can be defined as literary theft. CUW’s student handbook calls plagiarism "unacceptable behavior" and states that students will be penalized for it.

Plagiarism: The term "plagiarism" includes, but is not limited to, the use, by paraphrase or direct quotation, of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgment. It also includes the unacknowledged use of materials prepared by another person or agency engaged in the selling of term papers or other academic materials. Papers handed in for one course may not be used for another course unless specific approval has been given by the instructors. (Concordia University Wisconsin Student Handbook)

Consistency in documentation is important, whether the paper is written in MLA, APA, CMS (Turabian), or another style. Each quotation and paraphrase from a source must be cited within the paper. Each bibliography entry includes the author, title, publication information (city and publisher), and the copyright date.

Check with your professor for the general format preferred by each department.

If you have further questions and/or problems, consult your professor or the Writing Center.

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Concordia Style Sheets

STYLES

The Concordia Style Sheet provides direction for both faculty and students and gives consistency to the format in which papers must be written within the various divisions. Faculty should require the style most appropriate to their disciplines.

The faculty of Concordia University has adopted three major styles for the writing of research papers in the various disciplines -- APA, MLA, and CMS (Turabian). Students need to become familiar with the styles required by the various disciplines within which they take courses. This will aid students not only throughout their college careers, but it will also help those students who go on to graduate school. Note the styles that have been adopted by division in the chart on page two.

FORMAT

All final papers submitted for courses at Concordia University Wisconsin must be typewritten, double-spaced, and fastened together. Extra blank pages at the beginning and end of the paper are not necessary. In regard to margins, footnotes, endnotes, bibliography, and other matters of format, follow the appropriate text as listed below or the requirements of the professor.

Word processing should be used, but the student must accept the responsibility for learning the program well enough to use it according to the guidelines of the Concordia Style Sheet.

TEXTS

For APA, the accepted text is Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2001).

For MLA, the accepted text is MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Fourth Edition, ed. Joseph Gibaldi  (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1995)

For CMS (Turabian), the current text is A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Sixth Edition, ed. Kate L. Turabian (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996) [Adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition, 1993].

Note also The Holt Handbook, Sixth Edition, ed. Laurie G. Kirszner, Stephen R. Mandell, et al. (New York: Harcourt College Publishers, 2002) which includes the major styles and serves as the introductory text for all freshman English courses. This text will serve as the university's standard for questions of grammar and usage.

HEADING OR TITLE PAGE

Follow the recommendation given in the style manual used or the requirements of the professor.

PLAGIARISM

The term “plagiarism” includes, but is not limited to, the use, by paraphrase or direct quotation, of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgment.  It also includes the unacknowledged use of materials prepared by another person or agency engaged in the selling of term papers or other academic materials.  Papers handed in for one course may not be used for another course unless specific approval has been given by the instructors.

NOTE:  If the student uses the services of a typist, the student bears the responsibility for any mistakes or omissions that may constitute plagiarism. 

The Concordia Style Sheet provides direction for our students and faculty and gives consistency to the format in which papers must be written.  All written assignments should be word-processed following this format. All students should give credit to others for their ideas and not plagiarize in any papers submitted as CUW assignments.

The margins of your paper should be 1" on all sides.  Use 12 point font.

The entire paper, including long quotations and the Reference List/ Works Cited page, should be double-spaced.

There are two primary styles used at Concordia: MLA and APA. Ask your instructor if he/she has a preference. It is important that you learn to reference your sources and do it consistently. All sources must be referenced in both the body of the text (called a parenthetical reference) and on the Works Cited page (MLA) or Reference List (APA) which appears at the end of the paper. History papers may use the Chicago Manual of Style (Turabian Method). Refer to the "Documentation" chapter of The Holt Handbook. 

Paragraphs and long quotations should be indented five (5) spaces.

If you quote word-for-word a section of text at least four words in length, put those words in quotation marks and provide appropriate documentation immediately after the quotation. Display a quotation of more than three lines in length in a freestanding block of typewritten lines and omit the quotation marks.

Page numbers should be at the upper right hand corner of each page, excluding the title page.  Prefatory material may be numbered with lower case Roman numerals, with the beginning of the main text to begin page 1. Only the page number should be given, without abbreviations or punctuation.

Long papers and reports should generally be sub-divided by headings. Major headings should be centered and typed in all capital letters.

Title pages for all papers should include title of the paper, name of the student submitting the paper, name of the course/ module, name of center, class number, date on which the paper is being submitted, and the instructor's name. Center each item on the title page and double space between items. Use the format found in the Holt Handbook for reference.

Students should give credit to others for their ideas, whether quoted directly or paraphrased.  Failure to give credit correctly is considered plagiarism. Be sure to cite all sources, including Internet sources, that you use in your paper. Be aware that plagiarism is a serious offense, and can result in course failure or dismissal from the program

STYLES ADOPTED BY DIVISION

SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Division of Humanities:
	English: MLA (generally--check with instructor) English as a Second Language: APA (generally--varies depending on program and instructor) History and Music: CMS (Turabian) Communications: CMS (Turabian) & APA
Division of Math and Science: APA Division of Social Science: APA Division of Theology: CMS (Turabian)

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND LEGAL STUDIES

Division of Business: APA

Division of Legal Studies: APA

SCHOOL OF HUMAN SERVICES

Division of Education: APA in Education (generally-check with the instructor)
	English Language Arts: MLA
Division of Nursing: APA Division of Occupational Therapy: APA Division of Physical Therapy: APA Division of Social Work: APA

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

APA (according to 2001 edition)

SCHOOL OF ADULT AND CONTINUING EDUCATION:

MLA or APA or CMS (Turabian), according to the professional requirements of the field.

 

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Documentation Sheets

Consult any recent writing handbook, such as the Holt  Handbook, for examples and help.

MLA—English, humanities

APA—health science, sociology, psychology, education

CMS (Chicago Manual of Style or Turabian)—theology, history

MLA allows more quotations than APA, but paraphrasing is usually best in any discipline.  For either quotations or paraphrases, you must cite the source of your information.  It is important to integrate the source material smoothly into your own analysis of it.  Don’t just drop the quotations in without discussing the ideas.

In-text citations

Place in parentheses, before end punctuation.  Be sure the name or title words are the same as the first words in the bibliography entry. If no author is given, use a shortened version of the title.

MLA—(Author [page] number).

APA—(Author, year, p. number).  Give page numbers only for direct quotations or precise statistics.

If the name of the authority is in your sentence, do not repeat the name in the parentheses.

MLA—give full name, a bit about authority in your text.

APA—use surname only.

Bibliography

MLA--Works Cited             Capitalize all important words in titles.  Use hanging indentation.

Book--Author Surname, First Name.  Title of Book.  Publication place:  Publisher, date. [page numbers if only part of book is applicable].

Article--Author Surname, First Name.  “Title of Article.”  Title of Journal date:  [page] numbers.

APA—References            Capitalize only the first word of titles.  Use hanging indentation.

Book—Author Surname, Initals.  (year ).  Title of book. Publication place:  Publisher.

Article—Author Surname, Initals. (year, month). Title of article. [no “ ”]  Journal or book, [page] numbers.

Interviews

MLA--put on Works Cited page

APA--cite in text only

Primary research, surveys
Describe in an appendix and refer to the appendix when discussing your findings in your text.

Check these websites for the latest documentation information, particularly for documenting the Internet..

All formats
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html

Details on documenting electronic sources for humanities style (MLA and CMS) and Scientific style (APA).

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com     Details on all the documentation styles.

http://www.lib.memphis.edu/gpo/citeweb.htm     Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications

APA 
www.apastyle.org/elecref.html     Great new APA site for documenting electronic sources.

MLA
http://www.mla.org

            Click on MLA style; then click on Frequently Asked Questions about MLA Style

CMS (Turabian)
http://www.people.memphis.edu/~mcrouse/elcite.html

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American Psychological Association Guidelines

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Chicago Manual of Style (Turabian)

Research papers pertaining to fields such as history or theology often utilize Turabian style to document sources and format the page. This format cites information found within the text at the bottom of the page as a footnote, rather than parenthetical citations as seen in APA or MLA format. All the bibliographic information is presented at the bottom of the page to enable easier access to background information and sources and to provide better reading flow within the text.

Format

The computer word processor used should already make page adjustments; all the writer needs to do is cite the referenced information in the form of a footnote. A footnote states all the bibliographic information at the bottom of the page on which it is used. A final bibliography is still needed, and is placed at the end of the paper on a separate page.  List entries alphabetically according to the author’s last name.  Type the first line of each entry flush with the left-hand margin; indent subsequent lines three spaces.  Double-space the bibliography within and between entries.

Using Turabian in Microsoft Word

Here at Concordia, various professors require papers written using Turabian style. With computer word processors, Turabian becomes simple to use.  To create a footnote when citing a reference . . . 

1. Click on <View> and make sure you are viewing the document in <Page Layout>.  This format displays each page with its corresponding footnotes.  It allows you to see the paper exactly how it will be printed.
2. Place the cursor after the punctuation mark in the sentence you are citing, unless a dash is used.  The superscript (the raised number within the text that corresponds to the footnote) will appear exactly where the cursor is placed.
3. Point the mouse arrow up at the toolbar and click <Insert>.
4. Under the Insert menu, click on <Footnote>.
5. A choice box then appears. The settings in the box should be marked for Insert Footnote and Auto-number. Click <OK>. 
6. A split screen comes up. The top is the paper itself; the bottom is the footnote area of that page.
7. The cursor should already appear in the footnote area.  Type the citation in the footnote area; a guide for citation format is on the reverse side.
8. Click on <Close> when you are finished typing the citation.
9. A superscript numeral should automatically appear on the top section, after the sentence cited. 
10. To continue typing the paper while the cursor is in the footnote area, simply click back at the top of the screen. 
11. To quickly view a footnote, move the mouse arrow over a superscript numeral, and the footnote will appear in a small viewing box.
12. To edit a footnote, double click on the superscript to be edited in order to return to the footnote area for that page.

Internet   Check these sites for the latest forms.

All formats

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/  

http://www.lib.memphis.edu/gpo/citeweb.htm   (Guide to citing government publications)

CMS (Turabian)

http://www.people.memphis.edu/~mcrouse/elcite.html

http://h-net2.msu.edu/~africa/citation.html

http://www.press.uchicago.edu/

Final Comments

In cases where citation is the same as the footnote preceding it, simply type <ibid.> which refers the reader to the former footnote. For nonconsecutive use of the same source, type the author’s name and the page number on which the information originated. The most important thing to remember when producing a paper is to be consistent. If an exact type of reference cannot be found on the attached page of reference citations, consult the authoritative manual listed at the bottom of this page.

Source:  Turabian, Kate L., A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, (6th ed.). Chicago: The

University of Chicago Press, 1996.

By Jennifer Fruend 1998, Updated by Rachel Stalker 2002

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Footnote or Endnote Examples

BOOK – ONE AUTHOR

1 Mary Ellen Bacon, From First Adam to Last: A Study in Pauline Theology (London: Oxford University Press, 1999), 34.

BOOK – TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

1 Richard Kellough and Noreen Kellough, Secondary School Teaching (Columbus: Prentice Hall, 2002), 133.

BOOK – EDITOR INSTEAD OF AUTHOR

4 Dennis Roger Klug, ed., Gardening in the Midwest (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 29.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

2 Sandra Wellington, “Themes in Shakespeare’s Hamlet,” Shakespeare Quarterly 20 (September 1989): 21.

NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE

1 Patrick Underhill, “The Hole in the Ozone Layer,” Time, 3 May 1995, 50.

TRANSLATED SECTION IN AN EDITION OF AN EDITED BOOK

2 Niccolo Machiavelli, “The Qualities of the Prince,” trans. Peter Bondanella and Mark Musa, in Lee Jacobus, ed., A World of Ideas, 6th ed. (Boston:Bedford, 2002), 37-50.

BIBLE

                1 Psalm 23:6-14.

PROFESSIONAL WEBSITE

2 John Guttenham, The National Health Organization (Chicago: Illinois State Health Department, 2002) [website on-line]; available from  http://www.nationalhealthorganization.org; Internet; accessed 18 November 2002.

ELECTRONIC BOOK

3 Thomas F. Link, Nursing in Third World Countries, [book on-line] (New York, New York: Border Book Press, 1998, accessed 21 October 2000); available from http://www.nursinglibrary.org; Internet.

ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ARTICLE

2 Janet Menning, “Teaching with Love, ” Journal of Elementary Education (Digest vol. 5, no. 2, 2001) [journal on-line]; available from  http://www.jstor.elementaryeducation5434.com; Internet; accessed 3 May 2002.

ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE

1 Nicholas Ian Brandt, “Mad Cow Disease,” New York Times on the Web, (New York, New York: New York Times Inc., 12 December 2000) [newspaper on-line]; available from http://search.nytimes.com/search/daily/bin%22; Internet; accessed 22 February 2001.

ELECTRONIC DATABASE

1 Kyle Moon, To Pray or Not to Pray (Madison: Wisconsin State Department of Education, 2002) [database on-line]; available from Dialog, ERIC, ED 1635.

Bibliography Examples

BOOK – ONE AUTHOR

Bacon, Mary Ellen. From First Adam to Last: A Study in Pauline Theology.

London: Oxford University Press, 1999.

BOOK – TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

Kellough, Richard, and Noreen Kellough. Secondary School Teaching.

Columbus: Prentice Hall, 2002.

BOOK – EDITOR INSTEAD OF AUTHOR

Klug, Dennis Roger, ed. Gardening in the Midwest. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin, 2000.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Wellington, Sandra. “Themes in Shakespeare’s Hamlet.” Shakespeare

Quarterly 20 (September 1989): 18-32.

NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Underhill, Patrick. “The Hole in the Ozone Layer.” Time, 3 May 1995, 50.

TRANSLATED SECTION IN AN EDITION OF AN EDITED BOOK

Machiavelli, Niccolo. “The Qualities of the Prince.” Translated by Peter Bondanella

and Mark Musa, in Jacobus, Lee, ed.,   A World of Ideas, 6th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2002.

BIBLE

Psalm 23:4-6.

PROFESSIONAL WEBSITE

Guttenham, John. The National Health Organization. Chicago: Illinois Department

of Health, 2002. Website on-line. Available from

http://www.nationalhealthorganization.org; Internet; accessed 18 November 2002.

ELECTRONIC BOOK

Link, Thomas F., Nursing in Third World Countries. New York: New York, Border Book

Press, 1998, accessed 21 October 2000. Book on-line. Available from

http://www.nursinglibrary.org; Internet.

ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ARTICLE

Menning, Janet. “Teaching with Love.” Journal of Elementary Education. Digest

5, no. 2, 2001. Journal on-line. Available from

http://www.jstor.elementaryeducation5434.com; Internet; accessed 3 May 2002.

ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE

Brandt, Nicholas Ian. “Mad Cow Disease.” New York Times on the Web. New York: New

York, New York Times Inc., 12 December 2000. Newspaper on-line. Available from http://search.nytimes.com/search/daily/bin%22; Internet; accessed 22 February 2001.

ELECTRONIC DATABASE

Moon, Kyle. To Pray or not to Pray. Madison: Wisconsin Department of

Education, 2002. Database on-line. Available from Dialog, ERIC, ED 1635.

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Recording Source Information

The following sheet is intended to assist you in recording the basic documentation requirements for citations.  Make copies or download the sheet from this web site.  Document your sources on your copy. The quotes you desire to use may be written on the back of the sheet or copied and attached to it.  Check with your professor or refer to the class syllabus for the documentation style required by your professor as you write your bibliography.  

The academic environment demands that credit for an idea be given to the author.  Anything less is plagiarism.  Phrases used verbatim (word for word) must be put in quotation marks and the source noted correctly.  An example for MLA:  Jon Bon Jovi asserts, "Passion, not pedigree, will win in the end" (61).  The same example in APA:  Jon Bon Jovi (2001) asserts, "Passion, not pedigree, will win in the end" (p. 61).  In MLA, display long quotations  (more than five lines in length) by indenting the quote one inch from the left in a freestanding block of typewritten lines; no quotation marks are required.  In APA, display long quotations (more than 40 words in length) by indenting the quote one half inch from the left in a freestanding block of typewritten lines; again, no quotation marks are required. 

            Paraphrasing (explaining the author’s ideas in your own words) also needs proper documentation.  No quotation marks are required.  In APA, the paraphrase should document the author and the date of publication. (Author, date). Example: (Doe, 2001).  In  MLA, the paraphrase requires only the author and page number; no publication date is required.  (author number) Example: (Doe 56).  It is a good idea to weave some of this information into your writing.  Example [APA]:  Jon Bon Jovi (2001) suggests that passion is more important than ancestry.  [MLA]:  Jon Bon Jovi suggests that passion is more important than ancestry (61).

Sources:

Hacker, Diana. A Pocket Style Manual. New York:  Bedford/St. Martin's,  2000.
Bon Jovi, J.  "Quotable Quotes."  Reader's Digest.  Sept. 2001:  61.

By Sheryl Polster  2001

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MLA Documentation

In-Text Citations

MLA style uses parenthetical references to cite sources in the text of a paper.  The parentheses are always placed between the last word of the sentence being cited and the period.  However, the information contained in the citation differs depending upon circumstances and the type of source used.

Author’s name NOT given in the text.  If the author’s name is not given in the sentence, cite the information by putting the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses.  Example:  Recent discoveries in Utah have given scientists a better understanding of dinosaurs (Schultz 42).

Author’s name GIVEN in the text.  If the author’s name is included in the sentence, put only the page number into parentheses. Example:  Schultz said, “Utah has many dinosaur fossils still undiscovered” (57).

Two or more works by the same author.  If you use two or more sources by the same author, put a comma after the author’s last name and include a shortened version of the title and a page number: `(Foulkes, Sleep 144).  If the author’s name is in the text, use only the title and page: (Dreams 90).

Two or Three Authors.  Use both names:  (Schmidt and Johnson 112).  If the authors’ names are given in the text, just use the page number: (112).

More than Three Authors.  Use the first author’s last name followed by et al. when in the text, or list all the names in the citation if you do not use the author’s name in the text. Example:  Martin et al. said, “Hamlet is good” (36).  Or (Martin, Uber, Blanks, and Dunn 36).

Unknown Author.  Use a shortened form of the title and page number: (Literary 4).

Corporate Author or Government Document.  Use the full name of the Corporation or government agency, shortened if possible, and page number: (United Nations 45). Try to include the name in the sentence to avoid a long citation. Example:  The United Nations Commission on Aging said, “People are living longer” (45).

An Entire Work.  If you refer to an entire work, use the author’s name in the text.  No page number is needed because the entire work is being referred to.

A Literary Work.  For classic novels or books available in several editions, include a chapter number along with the page number to help locate the reference in other editions of the book.  If the author is NOT mentioned, it looks like this:  (Machiavelli 23: ch. 4).  If the author is mentioned in the text, just use (23; ch. 4).

            For plays use act, scene, and line numbers: (Carver II.iv.22-24).  For poems use a line reference:  (Donne lines 26-27).  NOTE: Use the word “lines” only the first time you cite a play in the paper; omit it when citing the same play later in the paper.

A Multivolume Work.  Cite the author, volume number and page number like this:  (Younghouse 3:745-767).  Write (3:745-767) if the author is mentioned in the text.

Indirect Source. If you are citing another author quoted in your source, use the abbreviation “qtd. in” to denote that the source is an indirect source. Example:  Gurnett said, “Dinosaurs are always captivating!” (qtd. in Schultz 33).

Two or More Sources.  If you cite more than one work in a single parenthetical reference, separate the sources by a semicolon.  (Costanza 22; Bach 35).

Works Cited List

            MLA style uses what is called a “hanging indent” which means that the first line of each citation is aligned at the left margin; the second, third, and so on lines are indented five spaces before they are typed.  Generally each source is listed the same way with three parts each followed by a period and one space:  Author Name(s). Title of source. Publishing information (place published and publishing company).  The entire list is arranged alphabetically according to the first word in each citation, for example: Schultz, Eric comes before Uber, Gilbert.

Books

One Author

            Hertz, Martin.  The Last World of The First New Republic. New York: Harcourt, 1975.

Two or three authors: Reverse name of first author listed only.

            Duggan, Stephen, and Betty Degler. The Cows of Wisconsin. New York: Macmillan, 1946.

More than three authors

            Spiller, Daniel, et al. History of Rome.  London: Oxford Press, 1987.

More than one work by the same author: Use author’s name in first title only, then use three hyphens and a period, and arrange alphabetically by title.

            Newman, Edwin. A Civil Tongue. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967.

            ---. Strictly Speaking. New York: Warner Books, 1974.

Work that names an editor  Use the abbreviation ed. for one editor and eds. for more than one editor.

            Kinkead, Joyce B., and Jeanette Harris, eds. Writing Centers in Context. Urbana: NCTE, 1993.

Work with an author and an editor  If there is an editor or editors listed with an author, put the editor’s name after the title with an Ed. or Eds.

            Frankfurter, Felix. The Diaries of a Frankfurter. Ed. Thomas Gould. Boston: Norton, 1987.

Work that names a translator  Use the abbreviation Trans for translated by.

            Sastre, Alfonzo. Sad Are the Eyes of William. Trans. Leonard Park. New York: New York UP, 1970.

Work by a corporate author

            United States Capitol Society. We the People. Washington, National Geographic Soc., 1964.

Work by an unknown author  Use the title of the book.

            Report of the Commission on Tests. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1970.

Work in an anthology  Give author and title of the work first, then the anthology information including the page numbers on which the work is printed.

            Dymvok, George. “Vengeance.”  Poetry in the Modern Age. Ed. Jason Vincent. San Francisco: New Books, 1998. 56-57.

Article in a reference book, encyclopedia or dictionary  If the article is signed, then give the author first; if it is not, give the title. Also give the edition number.

            “Bioluminescence.” New World Encyclopedia. 1983 ed.

Government Publication  Use the abbreviation GPO for publications from the Government Printing Office.

            United States. Office of Education. Tutor Resource Book. Washington: GPO, 1976.

Periodical Articles

Newspaper article

            Strout, Richard. “Another Year.” New York Times 10 Nov. 1999, late ed.: A9.

 Magazine Article

            Diamond, Jarod. “The Lost Mask.” Time 27 Feb. 1998: 22-23.

Scholarly Journal  Be sure to give volume, year, and page.

            Delbrook, James. “The Worst Mistake in Biology.” American Scholar 47 (1978): 339-340.

Unsigned Article

            “Trading Places.” Newsweek 21 Apr. 1999: 87-89.

Articles On-Line

For information found online use this general format:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Document.” Title of complete work. (if given) Version or file number. (if given) Document date or date of last revision. Protocol address, access path or directories (date of access).

            Klein, Mark. “The Tiger.” Modern Poetry. 14 Dec. 1997.

             http://www.newpoetry.com/markklein/13553.546.html (21 Nov. 2000).

This guide was compiled with information from Prentice Hall Reference Guide to Grammar and Usage.  Third Edition. and MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Fourth Edition.

By E.A. Klein 2000

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